Understanding Bone Marrow Biopsies

A bone marrow biopsy is a procedure that is commonly used to diagnose and manage blood cancer. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue located inside your bones. A biopsy helps doctors learn about the health of your bone marrow and whether you are producing a normal amount of blood cells.^1,2

Preparing for a bone marrow biopsy

A bone marrow biopsy is a helpful tool for diagnosing and treating blood cancer. Knowing what to expect from a bone marrow biopsy can make the experience less stressful.¹

What is involved in a bone marrow biopsy?

A bone marrow biopsy involves removing a sample of bone marrow, usually from your hip bone. A doctor inserts a needle into the bone and draws out a small amount of bone marrow. Pathologists then study the sample in a lab. The procedure helps doctors examine how your bone marrow and blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are working.^1,2

A biopsy is usually an outpatient procedure. It can be done in a hospital, clinic, or doctor’s office. The actual procedure is quite short, lasting only 10 to 20 minutes. However, more time is needed before and after the procedure to get you ready for the biopsy and to make sure you are recovering well afterward.^1,2

Sedation and pain management options

Before the biopsy, you will receive local anesthesia to numb the area where the needle will be inserted. If you are very anxious or very sensitive to pain, you may be given short-term anesthesia through an IV. This puts you to sleep during the procedure. Speak with your doctor about your anesthesia options.^1,2

Plan your day

On the day of your biopsy, wear loose, comfortable clothing. You may be asked to stop eating and drinking several hours beforehand, if IV anesthesia will be used. Since a bone marrow biopsy is an outpatient procedure, you will likely go home the same day. If you will receive IV anesthesia, you will need to arrange for someone to drive you home.^1,2

What happens after a bone marrow biopsy: Recovery and next steps

Here is what you need to know following a bone marrow biopsy and how to recover as quickly as possible.

Immediate recovery

Immediately following the biopsy, your health team will apply pressure to the area where the needle was inserted and then cover the wound with a bandage. They may ask you to continue applying pressure to the area for a short time to stop the bleeding. If you received IV anesthesia, you will be taken to a recovery area.^1-3

Most people can go home the same day. If you had only local anesthesia for numbing, you can resume normal activities when you feel ready. If you received IV anesthesia, you may feel drowsy and tired after the procedure. Doctors advise taking it easy for about 24 hours after a biopsy that involves IV sedation.^1,2

Managing discomfort and pain

The biopsy site may feel sore and tender for about a week, maybe more. Over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), can help with any discomfort and pain. Ask your doctor which OTC pain relievers are safe for you to take.^1,2

Mild soreness and bruising also are common. They usually resolve within a few days. If you have severe pain, fever, or other concerning symptoms, contact your doctor immediately.^1,2

Caring for the biopsy site

Keep the biopsy area clean and dry. Do not get the site wet. After 24 hours, you can take a shower or bath. Your doctor will provide instructions for changing the bandage and caring for the site. Avoid strenuous activity or heavy lifting for at least 1 or 2 days.^1,2

Call your doctor if you notice any unusual redness, swelling, or drainage. These could be signs of an infection.^1,2

Understanding your results

Biopsy results are usually available within a few days to a week. Your doctor will explain what the results mean for your diagnosis and treatment plan. Some results may require additional tests or doctor’s visits. Do not hesitate to ask questions to make sure you understand your next steps.^1,2